Despite similar characteristics between Baal-Hadad, Elijah, St. George, and al-Khir, and the fact that, for at least the past 800 years, local agricultural communities of Jews, Christians, Muslims, Druze, Alawites, and others have venerated and often conjoined these figures, outside of the Eastern Mediterranean, the linkages between these figures previously were unable to be seen. These religions emphasized the importance of living a simple and spiritual life, which was well suited to the harsh living conditions of the desert. Southern China has a very subtropical climate and remains mildly warm to hot throughout the year. Although China's diverse geography prevented trade and expansion, it also served as protection by keeping out invaders. Geography does not only affect particular religions system, such as the world's major faiths, are located but it can affect how specific beliefs are practiced and attitude. The four distinct regions of Ancient China are the Ancient China mountains, jungles, deserts, and tundra. Geographical motifs in the Levant relating to rain, storms, thunder, lightning, greenness, fertility, fecundity, the ability to appear and disappear, associations with mountains and other high places, local feast or celebration days of April 23, and the motif of vanquishing a dragon, largely have been associated with regional agricultural needs specifically, with the need for rainfall from the sky. Spencer, Allen. Daniel Schwemer argues that the relative significance and sphere of activities of the individual storm-gods was dependent, among other things, on the climatic conditions in the individual regions (Schwemer 2007, 129-130). Georgic Cults and Saints of the Levant. In, Knott, Kim. Ancient China developed in east Asia along the Yangtze River and Yellow River. 55. However, it is important to note that Judaism is both a religious and an ethnic identity. In the river valley of the Yangtze River, which runs through the center of China, they experience all four seasons very distinctly. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Understanding the interaction between a natural environment and various human and cultural patterns is an essential aspect of geography. Geographers do not simply look at physical features, such as mountains and deserts, that have formed the borders between religions in the past. Today, a genocide is being carried out by Buddhists against Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar. Internal and External Criticism - brainly.ph/question/3459292, This site is using cookies under cookie policy . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Also known as: Chung-hua, Chung-hua Jen-min Kung-ho-kuo, Chung-kuo, Peoples Republic of China, Zhongguo, Zhonghua, Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo, Emeritus Professor of Chinese, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Even among the Han there are cultural and linguistic differences between regions; for example, the only point of linguistic commonality between two individuals from different parts of China may be the written Chinese language. Jesus Christ.c. Moreover, it is artificial: no human phenomena ever exist in a vacuum. Hindu Deities | Who Are the Main Hindu Gods? The provinces are traceable in their current form to the Tang dynasty (618907 ce). By having faith,we can grow our relationship in God,not only that,we can also get closer to God,not only by lacking faith,but also having faith.d. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Ancient China. Geographical and agricultural motifs developed in the region that both were relevant and meaningful in such a setting. China is unique among nations in its longevity and resilience as a discrete politico-cultural unit. Early Chinese civilization was largely influenced by the Yellow River and its annual floods. In addition to laws, social norms have a huge impact on religious practice. China is located in East Asia and at the West is the Pacific Ocean. Its land frontier is about 12,400 miles (20,000 km) in length, and its coastline extends for some 8,700 miles (14,000 km). Thus, India in historical times had political and commercial interaction from the east with China. In his article, Haddad was the first to make the provocative but unsubstantiated claim that the cults of these georgic saints is a continuation, with variations, of the cults of the Baals of ancient Syria (Haddad 1969, 22), referring to the millennia-long regionally dominant figure of the Syro-Canaanite storm-god, Baal-Hadad, as well as to Baals regional syncretic manifestations. Geography is far more important in the study of religions than is generally appreciated. As a native of the Levant, Haddad uniquely was positioned to have been aware, as well, of the common practices surrounding these figures between local communities of Muslims, Christians, Jews, and others. The East China Sea and the South China Sea border the east coast of China and extend into the Pacific Ocean. The Himalayan mountains to the north protected India from invasions until the Mongols occupied some of the subcontinent territories. Agrarian religion in the Levant, in Grehans formulation, was driven by geographical influences and characterized by sacred sites, essential agricultural needs, shared religious culture, and saints and holy figures. The biggest advantage is that China was able to stay isolated from outsiders and was protected from any invaders. Religious institutions became more defined during this period as state power waned. The Eastern Mediterranean was shaped by certain geographical and climatological forces that enabled life, through rainfall agriculture, but that also limited life, due to a lack of largescale irrigative rivers, constant aridity, and the blight of frequent drought. This shaping influence extends naturally to the religious traditions that develop in certain places, affecting the figures, metaphors, motifs, and physical structures that are relevant in certain areas of the world. Geographic Influences on Migration in the Caribbean, Central & South America, Political & Cultural Issues in Confucius' Time. Haddad, Hassan S. 1969. Typically, mountains and rivers have become barriers for human expansion in the past. Geographers also take account of laws and social norms that shape religious practice in the present. What that means is that these figures usually have been studied only from within their individual religious traditions. This desert runs across the northern border of China and the southern border of Mongolia. In the country of Israel, things get a bit tricky, since Judaism is both a faith and an ethnic identity. In addition to the 14 countries that border directly on it, China also faces South Korea and Japan, across the Yellow Sea, and the Philippines, which lie beyond the South China Sea. Advertisement Expert-Verified Answer 273 people found it helpful Sildonia Answer INDIA The lush plains of the east and west became populated areas of India. It should not be surprising, then, that religion has often been accompanied by force. Geography, and the geological formations and climatological effects derived thereby, have a distinct shaping influence on the everyday lives of people who live in particular areas. When he went out into the streets and saw sick, old, and dying people, he wanted to do something to change it. The lush plains of the east and west became populated areas of India. She is certified to teacher Math, Science, Social Studies, and Language Arts for levels EC-8th grade. China is the worlds largest producer of rice and is among the principal sources of wheat, corn (maize), tobacco, soybeans, peanuts (groundnuts), and cotton. It explores the ways in which religion, its symbols, rites, beliefs and hopes have shaped the world in which we live. What type of diffusion spreads languages? Cultural diffusion spreads as cultures interact with each other. ( water resources) , find out the longitudinal and latitudinal extent of telangana state and mark it on telengana map. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The summer monsoons would bring in much needed water for agriculture, but sometimes flooded the river valley regions across central China. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Author of. The attempt to convert people through the use of violence has made a regular appearance throughout history. Corrections? Grehan, James. West Asia is the subcontinent that connects Asia to the Mediterranean and Europe. Agrarian religious culture is therefore naturally slow to change and associated with a longue-dure perspective (Grehan 2014, 16). Despite that, much of the Levant falls within the 400 mm (12 inches) isohyet, and most of the region generally receives, therefore, sufficient annual rainfall to enable the cultivation of rainfall or rain-fed agriculture. Similarly, China's ongoing genocide against the Muslim Uyghur minority is supposed to wipe out the "Three Evil Forces" of separatism, terrorism, and extremism. Another way in which we can see the effects of geography on religious narratives, figures, motifs, metaphors, and structures in this example, in the area of the Levant is through the notion of agrarian religion, first identified and coined by James Grehan in his 2014 book, Religious traditions are always a product of both time and place. How did geography affect religious events and development in West Asia,in the Indian subcontinent and in China? Munich: De Gruyter. What experience do you need to become a teacher? Science, Math & Metallurgy in Early India, Ancient China Lesson for Kids: Money & Economy, Religion in Ancient China: Lesson for Kids, Geography of Ancient India | Climate, Landforms & Rivers. To fully appreciate China's broad geographic and cultural diversity, one needs to identify general characteristics that act as . A traditional world religions perspective remains prevalent within religious studies textbooks and theoretical approaches (Asad 1993, 27-54; Masuzawa 2005). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The geography of religion also takes account of the relationship between religion and ethnicity. The geography of religion also takes account of the relationship between religion and ethnicity. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. The Invention of World Religions. However, politics is also marked by conflict. J.E. 17 chapters | Are We Born Into Our Religion? For example, ISIS terrorists often invoked the Crusades, which ran from 1095 to 1271, in their campaign to establish an Islamic state in the 2010s. 2b. The Gobi Desert spans roughly 1,000 miles across central Asia and can be divided into five sub-regions: the Eastern Gobi Desert steppe, the Alashan plateau, the Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe, Dzungarian Basin semi-desert, and the Tian Shan range. Using a Different Lens: Geography of Religion. 20 chapters | In approximately three to four paragraphs, write an essay that explains the connection between religion and ethnicity. How did geography affect religious events and development in West Asia, in the - 4932644. answered 2. My own book Sacred Worlds: an introduction to Geography and Religion, was published in 1994. China is a country located in east Asia. The second tropical rainforest is the Xishuangbanna in the Yunnan Province, located on the southwest tip of China. succeed. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Similarly, religious groups may have disputes related to historical land ownership. Unlike other deserts, the Gobi Desert does not contain large sand dunes throughout. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In general, the Eastern Mediterranean is arid, with rainfall totals decreasing from north to south and west to east, and with drought being a regular climatological condition. Climate and geography play major roles in determining many lifestyle factors. Agrarian religion in the Levant consists of a fine attunement to the essentially agrarian conditions of everyday existence; as much urban as it was rural, it was the expression of an entire social and economic order whose rhythms were tied to the slow turnings of the seasons, and finely attuned to the vagaries of earth, sky, and environment (Grehan 2014, 140 and 16). Since the 1960s, the field of Geography of Religion has evolved in various ways, but one of its more important contributions is the contextualization of religion that is evident in local, geographically oriented studies of religion (Stump 2008, 177; Knott 2010, 476-491). How did geography affect religious events and development in the country? Pretend that you are a geographer studying religion. Humans respond and adapt to the conditions they encounter, developing patterns of behavior and customs to cope with dry deserts, arctic cold, high mountain ranges or the isolation of an island. Nonetheless, while the Chinese state has remained unitary in form, the vast size and population of Chinas provinceswhich are comparable to large and midsize nationsdictate their continuing importance as a level of subnational administration. The great majority of the population is Chinese (Han), and thus China is often characterized as an ethnically homogeneous country, but few countries have as wide a variety of indigenous peoples as does China. Green, Alberto R. W. 2003. The surrounding desert, mountains, and seas created natural barriers which protected the Ancient Chinese civilization from outside invaders. The father and the son.b. Lesley has taught American and World History at the university level for the past seven years. 3c. Instead, the region is covered by many basins with smooth, rocky floors, and its high elevation results in a very arid, cold climate. President Joe Biden is set to meet President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. of the Philippines as concerns grow about China's harassment of Philippine vessels in the South China Sea, President Joe Biden is set to meet President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. as concerns grow about China's harassment of Philippine vessels in the South China Sea, Chinese authorities are preparing to release a man who disappeared three years ago after publicizing videos of overcrowded hospitals and bodies during the COVID-19 outbreak, A former U.S. national security adviser has called for deeper interaction between his country and Taiwan during a visit to the self-ruled island, which has seen increasing military threats from China, Foreign companies are under growing pressure in China from anti-corruption, security and other investigations as President Xi Jinpings government tightens control over business. What are the effects of geography on language development? These religions emphasized the importance of living in harmony with nature and the importance of social harmony, which was well suited to the agricultural way of life. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. If a large group of immigrants emigrates to a new country, they will bring their culture with them to the new location. It has very diverse geographical features across the country, from many seas and mountains to deserts and tundra. There are a variety of ways to observe the relationship between religion and geography. Religion is a way of life that unites a community. China has many natural barriers that affected the country's development and created four distinct regions. Georgic Cults and Saints of the Levant. In Numen, 16, Fasc. Throughout the second half of the second millennium BCE and the first millennium BCE, Baal-Hadad often was named the patron deity of particular cities, inspiring local epithets of Baal-Hadad that linked him with those cities (e.g., Baal of Tyre, Baal of Aleppo). Write an essay of at least one page that describes how religion can be used as a moral guide. The phenomenon of local communities of Jews, Christians, and Muslims venerating Elijah, St. George, and al-Khir in the Eastern Mediterranean for at least the past 800 years is inextricable from the cultural and geographical contexts of the Eastern Mediterranean. Scholars of religious studies tend anachronistically to think of historical religious communities in the region as being theologically distinct from one another. These natural barriers kept other civilizations from entering the region. Naturally, these factors also affect the development of religious notions: gods and narratives take on particular characteristics or serve particular purposes relevant to and reflective of certain geographical areas (and not reflective of other areas); motifs and metaphors are more meaningful in certain geographical areas than in others; and historical religious structures and the locations in which they are built are largely shaped by the landscapes out of which they are born. Its climate ranges from extremely dry, desertlike conditions in the northwest to tropical monsoon in the southeast, and China has the greatest contrast in temperature between its northern and southern borders of any country in the world. The diversity of both Chinas relief and its climate has resulted in one of the worlds widest arrays of ecological niches, and these niches have been filled by a vast number of plant and animal species. China, which has the largest population of any country in the world, is composed of diverse ethnic and linguistic groups. All rights reserved. Language Development & Diffusion | What are the Most Spoken Languages? The interaction of culture and geography is called human geography, which is the study of peoples language, religion, medicine, economics and entertainment and how these practices have been influenced by their location. [2] Throughout history, rivers such as the Yangtze and Huang He rivers made China thrive for thousands of years. The official language of China is Mandarin, or putonghua, meaning ordinary language or common language. There are three variants of MandarinBeijing, Chengdu, and Nanjing. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. But geography does have a distinct shaping influence on religion. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. However, unlike in Mesopotamia, with the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, or in Egypt, with the Nile River, the Levant lacks similarly large and annually flooding rivers that can be used as water resources and for largescale irrigation. News and Interpretations on the Bible and Ancient Near East History. They represent moments-in-time; each text, image, or site functions like a small window into history. Investigating this particular example offers a good case study for the usefulness of geography of religion as both a theory (geography shapes religions) and as a method (geographical contextualization allows us to see that religious traditions always are a product of both place and time). China, Chinese (Pinyin) Zhonghua or (Wade-Giles romanization) Chung-hua, also spelled (Pinyin) Zhongguo or (Wade-Giles romanization) Chung-kuo, officially People's Republic of China or Chinese (Pinyin) Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo or (Wade-Giles romanization) Chung-hua Jen-min Kung-ho-kuo, country of East Asia. Although there is not space in this forum to detail this argument, in my recent book, Geography, Religion, Gods, and Saints in the Eastern Mediterranean (New York: Routledge, 2020), which is the product of nearly a decade of research, I investigate the regional importance and longevity of the storm-god Baal-Hadad, as well as subsequent local counterparts such as Levantine Zeus, Jupiter, and even St. George, and alternative and corollary figures like Hebrew Bible Elijah, Late Antique Elijah, and al-Khir. Some argue that this can be best explained by the fact that religion no longer unites communities. Within Chinas boundaries exists a highly diverse and complex country. The Gobi Desert is very large and diverse in topography, which also makes its climate very different. She has a Master's degree in History. In fact, since at least 1200 CE, agrarian communities of Jews, Christians, Muslims, and others in the Eastern Mediterranean largely have shared and sometimes conflated the figures of Jewish Elijah, Christian St. George, and Muslim al-Khir. God.c. These two seas are also connected to each other by the Strait of Taiwan that runs along the small section of coastline between China and Taiwan. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Unification of Northern China by Shi Huangdi | Who was Qin Shi Huang? In many North African and Middle Eastern countries, on the other hand, Islam is dominant. Religious extremists then draw on these passages to justify their use of force. There are just too many topics cover! Discover what geographic features isolated ancient China from other civilizations and learn geography facts about China. If you want to understand the origins of yogic texts and practices within Hindu religious traditions, you must seek to contextualize their emergence by investigating the, Asad, Talal. These two natural barriers kept Ancient China safe from invaders, but also blocked them from expanding southwards. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. When we study Elijah, St. George, and al-Khir as. Thus, when Clovis was baptized as a Christian, it signified the conversion of all of the Franks. Religious traditions are always a product of both time and place. Geography does not only affect where particular religions or belief systems, such as the world's major faiths, are located but it can affect how specific beliefs are practiced and behaviors that it encourages. Author of, University Professor Emeritus of History and Sociology, University of Pittsburgh. Geography of Religion as A Theory: Geography Shapes Religion. Ancient China is responsible for a rich culture, still evident in modern China. Religion & Culture Impact & Connection | Is Religion a Culture? And these motifs extend even further back in time. The trauma of this external challenge became the catalyst for a revolution that began in the early 20th century against the old regime and culminated in the establishment of a communist government in 1949. Kevin has edited encyclopedias, taught history, and has an MA in Islamic law/finance. Green, in the cultural and religious evolutions of any region [of the ancient Near East], certain inherent geographical and climatological factors contribute substantially to the local conception of a deity (Green 2003, 9). China, Chinese (Pinyin) Zhonghua or (Wade-Giles romanization) Chung-hua, also spelled (Pinyin) Zhongguo or (Wade-Giles romanization) Chung-kuo, officially Peoples Republic of China or Chinese (Pinyin) Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo or (Wade-Giles romanization) Chung-hua Jen-min Kung-ho-kuo, country of East Asia. 5 What type of diffusion spreads languages? Being located exactly at the convergence of three continental plates the African, Arabian, and Eurasian has created the topography of the region and has resulted in three topographical zones: coastal plains in the west, a central band of mountain ranges, and plains and plateaus in the east. 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Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - China, China - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), China - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Biden hosts Philippines leader Marcos as China tensions grow, Biden, Marcos set to meet as tensions grow with China, Chinese who reported on COVID to be released after 3 years, US ex-security adviser calls for closer ties with Taiwan, Foreign companies in China face growing scrutiny, pressure. This conclusion lies at the heart of liberalism, an ideology that emerged in response to the religious wars of the 1500s and 1600s. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Indeed, many non-Western people today do not recognize a difference between religion and culture. A traveler can reach populations of people in whichever direction he decides to go to, whether he was on foot or on the back of an animal. All rights reserved. Most people in the Americas are Christian, while almost everyone on the Arabian Peninsula is Muslim. . Thus, China grew independently with lesser external influence on its cultural growth. How did geography affect religious events and development in West Asia, in the Indian subcontinent, and in China? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Cultural diffusion can also happen through migration. As more and more people shared the same set of beliefs and practices, people who did not know each other could find common ground and build mutual trust and respect. The western region of the mountains is much drier than the eastern region. So that we can be Charlemagne, crowned Holy Roman Emperor, executed thousands of pagans who refused to convert to Christianity. He has a BA in Philosophy from UC Santa Barbara, and an MA in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics from CEVRO Institute, Prague, Czech Republic. 2015. There are many mountain ranges in China, however, the most significant range is the Himalayan Mountains. Example: The purpose of geographers is not to judge or change the religious beliefs of people in a specific region, but rather, it is to understand aspects like how that region's laws are influenced by religious beliefs. Beijing (Peking), the capital of the Peoples Republic, is also the cultural, economic, and communications centre of the country. Now, with the forthcoming changes in the New York State Regents Exam and the skills students need to be prepared for that test, there is even less time to focus on the historical content presented in this unit. Of course, Fimbulwinter represents just one of dozens of possible examples of the influence of northern geography and climate upon the development of Norse mythological narratives and figures. If you want to understand the origins of yogic texts and practices within Hindu religious traditions, you must seek to contextualize their emergence by investigating the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali for the 4th-century CE religious, political, and geographical (relating to place) conditions that combined to influence their development.
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