As a Premium user you get access to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. [24], In 2020, production totaled 14.061 million bales. In 2022, around 14.68 million bales of cotton were produced in the United States, a decrease from about 17.5 million bales in the previous year. Redskins Ruffleshirts and Rednecks: Indian Allotments in Alabama and Mississippi, 1830-1860. From 2012-2016, Missouri was ranked eighth in cotton production in the United States with the average production value of $191,004,400. Currently, you are using a shared account. Enslaved people were transported in a massive forced migration over land and by sea from the older slave states to the newer cotton states. In general, planters expected a good hand, or slave, to work ten acres of land and pick two hundred pounds of cotton a day. Seventy-five percent of the cotton that supplied Britains cotton mills came from the American South, and the labor that produced that cotton came from the enslaved. The steel module builder consists of a box large enough to hold 15,000 pounds (ten to twelve bales) of seed cotton, a cab, and a hydraulic tramper. Nearly forty percent of Britains exports were cotton textiles. [7] The Hopson Planting Company produced the first crop of cotton to be entirely planted, harvested, and baled by machinery in 1944. Thus, the delegates faced the question: should there be a United States with slavery, or no United States without slavery? The Nobel Prize-winning economist, Douglass C. North, stated that cotton was the most important proximate cause of expansion in the 19th century American economy. The idea was that this cotton diplomacy would force Europe to intervene. Georgia had led the world in cotton production during the first boom in the 1820s, with 150,000 bales in 1826; later slumps led to some agricultural diversification. per ton equals 4.8 tons. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 1986, North, Douglass C. Economic Growth of the United States: 1790-1860. Left: Acres of upland cotton harvested as a percent of harvested cropland acreage (2007). Photograph courtesy of Mississippi Department of Archives and History, PI/1997.0006.0470. Southern cotton, picked and processed by American slaves, helped fuel the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution in both the United States and Great Britain. Cotton and the Growth of the American Economy: 1790-1860. For example, in the 1830s, the largest purchasers of Chickasaw land in Mississippi were the American Land Company and the New York Land Company. 12. Over 50% of the Santa Rosa County's harvest is of cotton. In 1910, it was released into the marketplace. Nevertheless, Georgians raised 500,000 bales in 1850, second only to Alabama, and nearly 702,000 bales in 1860, behind Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. In both cases tenants and sharecroppers, whether White or Black, bought such goods as shoes, medicines, and staple food items from the landowners' commissaries, and the landowners kept the accounts. The ship, Glad Tidings, with a cargo of American cotton entering the port of Liverpool in the mid-1800s. Cotton production totaled about 280,000 bales in 1860 but declined to less than 180,000 bales in 1870. Soon after the signing of the Constitution, cotton unexpectedly intervened in the 1790s and changed the course of Americas economic and racial future because of the simultaneous occurrence of two events: the mass production of textiles and the mass production of cotton. Some western states, such as Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois, tried to exclude African Americans at the same time they were aggressively recruiting millions of White European immigrants. Cotton pickers in Mississippi, mid-1800s. 2,250,000 Which decade experienced the greatest increase in the number of slaves? [31], Texas produces more cotton than any other state in the United States. Other combined counties in Missouri produced 15,800 bales in 2016. Data prior to 2020 have been taken from previous reports. By 1911, however, production reached its peak at 1.6 million bales. To ambitious white planters, the extent of new land available for cotton production seemed almost limitless, and many planters simply leapfrogged from one area to the next, abandoning their fields every ten to fifteen years after the soil became exhausted. Karen Gerhardt Britton, The most notable change in the production of cotton in the twentieth century was the geographical shift from East and Central Texas to the High Plains and the Rio Grande valley. Whitneys priorities, henceforth, were money and manufacturing. Larger yields are obtained in Texas from early thinning than from late thinning. The adoption of chemical pesticides to reduce diseases and thus increase the yield of the crop further boosted production. Following the Civil War and the abolition of slavery in the United States, the boll weevil, a pest from Mexico, began to spread across the United States, affecting yields drastically as it moved east. While smuggling continued to occur, the end of the international slave trade meant that domestic slaves were in very high demand. By 1850, of the 3.2 million slaves in the countrys fifteen slave states, 1.8 million were producing cotton; by 1860, slave labor was producing over two billion pounds of cotton per year. Many of the trappings of domestic life, such as carpets, lamps, dinnerware, upholstered furniture, books, and musical instrumentsall the accoutrements of comfortable living for southern whiteswere made in either the North or Europe. It was produced on more than forty percent of the state's improved farmland and provided the basis of the state's economy and the tenancy system. [2] Cotton production is a $21billion-per-year industry in the United States, employing over 125,000 people in total,[1] as against growth of forty billion pounds a year from 77 million acres of land covering more than eighty countries. Bad weather causes considerable shedding of the seed cotton from the bolls and lowers the grade and value of the fiber. Steamboats, a crucial part of the transportation revolution thanks to their enormous freight-carrying capacity and ability to navigate shallow waterways, became a defining component of the cotton kingdom. [13] Although there was some work involved in planting the seeds, and cultivating or holding out the weeds, the critical labor input for cotton was in the picking. When the delegates wrote and agreed upon the Constitution, cotton production was virtually nonexistent in America. The power of cotton on the world market may have brought wealth to the South, but it also increased its economic dependence on other countries and other parts of the United States. The Great Depression, 1929-1932, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1941, Fighting the Good Fight in World War II, 1941-1945, Post-War Prosperity and Cold War Fears, 1945-1960, Political Storms at Home and Abroad, 1968-1980, The Challenges of the Twenty-First Century, Presidents of the United States of America, African Americans in the Antebellum United States, The Filibuster and the Quest for New Slave States, Explain the labor-intensive processes of cotton production, Describe the importance of cotton to the Atlantic and American antebellum economy. The lint is baled in a universal-density press that eliminates the need for the old-fashioned compress, and the bale is packaged in synthetic bagging. The module is covered with a polyethelene tarpaulin and marked for field identification with a harmless spray. 60%, $200 million a year from it January 8th 1808 A bill to abolish the importation of slaves became a law Legal Notices. Boston: Little Brown, 1986, Bruchey, Stuart. Handbook of Texas Online, From there, the bulk of American cotton went to Liverpool, England, where it was sold to British manufacturers who ran the cotton mills in Manchester and elsewhere. For many slaves, the domestic slave trade incited the terror of being sold away from family and friends. [25] The average price was $0.58 per pound. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. "The rise of the cotton industry in California: A comparative perspective. Not only were the fibers sold, but also the cottonseed was crushed for cooking oil, hulls were converted to cattle feed, and portions of the plant were used to make an early type of plastic. Slow work pace, pilfer in-house goods, sabotaged crop production, and damaged tools. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Additional factors contributed to the increase in cotton production during the last years of the nineteenth century. Although the Jeffersonian vision of the settlement of new U.S. territories entailed white yeoman farmers single-handedly carving out small independent farms, the reality proved quite different. Chart. Thus, the market revolution transformed the South just as it had other regions. University of Oklahoma, 2002, Copyright 2023 Mississippi Historical Society Spindle pickers are used in areas of high rainfall where plants grow tall before they are defoliated. Furthermore, cotton supports a USD 3 trillion global fashion industry, which includes clothes with unique designs from reputed brands, with global clothing exports valued at USD 1.3 trillion in 2016. [28] Four out of the top five importers of U.S.-produced cotton are in North America; the principal destination is Honduras, with about 33% of the total, although this has been in decline slightly over recent years. Auctions of cheap Indian lands as a result of cessions of land by the Choctaw and Chickasaw nations drew bidders from the South and East. Almost no cotton was grown in the United States in 1787, the year the federal constitution was written. This is a drop of over 5 million bales from the previous year. Northern mills depended on the South for supplies of raw cotton that was then converted into textiles. One-half to one bushel of fuzzy seed or from ten to fifteen pounds of delinted seed per acre is usually planted, the amount depending upon the section of the state. The 1914-1915 season totaled 16.5 million bales. The two companies represented investors or speculators from New York, Boston, and other New Englanders. In terms of yield, Missouri yielded a record low of 281 pounds/acre in 1957 and a record high of 1,097 pounds/acre in 2015. Print from The Illustrated London News courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-64405. Mississippi and its neighbors Alabama, western Georgia, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas provided the cheap land that was suitable for cotton production. In 1817, only seventeen plied the waters of western rivers, but by 1837, there were over seven hundred steamships in operation. In 1879 some 2,178,435 acres produced 805,284 bales. [3], The average production of lint per acre in 1914 was estimated by the United States Department of Agriculture to be 209 pounds, a nominal change from 1911 when it was 208 pounds. "The rise of the cotton industry in California: A comparative perspective. b. In 1870 more than 725,000 bales of cotton were produced, largely by Black sharecroppers who were often compelled to farm the lands of former enslavers. Steamboats moved down the river transporting cotton grown on plantations along the river and throughout the South to the port at New Orleans. The Rise of New York Port, 1815-1860. In Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and elsewhere in the South, slave auctions happened every day. "Cotton production in the U.S. from 2001 to 2022 (in 1,000 bales)*." By the 1970s, most cotton was grown in large automated farms in the Southwest. Show sources information [3] The final estimate of U.S. cotton production in 2012 was 17.31 million sales,[4] with the corresponding figures for China and India being 35 million and 26.5 million bales, respectively. By the 1820s, however, people in Kentucky and the Carolinas had begun to sell many of their slaves as well. All told, the movement of slaves in the South made up one of the largest forced internal migrations in the United States. In the years before the Civil War, the South produced the bulk of the worlds supply of cotton. at the war's end how many bales of raw cotton were available. [3], Cotton has been planted and cultured in the United States since before the American Revolution, especially in South Carolina. US Department of Agriculture. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. The highest acreage recorded was in 1930 (4.163 million acres); the highest production year was 1937 (2.692 million bales produced over 3.421 million acres); the highest cotton yields were in 2004 (1034 pounds of lint produced per acre).[39]. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this entry. Cotton and slavery occupied a centraland intertwinedplace in the nineteenth-century economy. American cotton production soared from 156,000 bales in 1800 to more than 4,000,000 bales in 1860 (a bale is a compressed bundle of cotton weighing between 400 and 500 pounds). Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) Missouri soil allows for the growth of upland cotton with the average bale weighing approximately five hundred pounds. [23] As a result of the devastating harvest of 1922, some 50,000 black cotton workers left South Carolina, and by the 1930s the state population had declined some 15%, largely due to cotton stagnation. Fred C. Elliott, How many bales of cotton were produced in the 1850s? Because of British demand, cotton was vital to the American economy. How many bales of cotton were produced in 1860? You only have access to basic statistics. Visit the Internet Archive to watch a 1937 WPA film showing cotton bales being loaded onto a steamboat. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, upland cotton in Missouri was valued at 0.751 $ / pound in 2017. [18] Three out of four black farm operators earned at least 40% of their income from cotton farming during this period. In the first half of the nineteenth century, it rose in prominence and importance largely because of the cotton boom, steam-powered river traffic, and its strategic position near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Cotton planting began in the spring, cultivation occurred during the summer, and harvesting by hand-picking began in late August. Beginning in 1872, thousands of immigrants from the Deep South and from Europe poured into the Blackland Prairie of Central Texas and began growing cotton. You need at least a Starter Account to use this feature. By 1850, of the 3.2 million enslaved people in the country's fifteen slave states, 1.8 million were producing cotton. E. A. Miller. These bales, weighing about four hundred to five hundred pounds, were wrapped in burlap cloth and sent down the Mississippi River. Over the next several months, from April to August, they carefully tended the plants. About 75 percent of the cotton produced in the United States was eventually exported abroad. [26] A report published by the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service ranked the highest cotton-producing states of 2020 as Texas, Georgia, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, California, and North Carolina.[27]. [7], Native Americans were observed growing cotton by the Coronado expedition in the early 1540s. The result was a large-scale exodus of the white and black cotton farmers from the south. and ", Sven Beckert, "Emancipation and empire: Reconstructing the worldwide web of cotton production in the age of the American Civil War. American cotton made up two-thirds of . In the late 18th century, the process started in Great Britain where several inventions the spinning jenny, Cromptons spinning mule, and Cartwrights power loom revolutionized the textile industry. On September 25, 1961, Herbert Lee, a black cotton farmer and voter-registration organizer, was shot in the head and killed by white state legislator E. H. Hurst in Liberty, Mississippi. How many bales of cotton were produced in 1850? After the seeds had been removed, the cotton was pressed into bales. Once the cotton grower or producer knows the class and value of his cotton, he sells it to buyers around the world by means of computers. [23] Although the industry was badly affected by falling prices and pests in the early 1920s, the main reason is undoubtedly the mechanization of agriculture in explaining why many blacks moved to northern American cities in the 1940s and 1950s during the "Great Migration" as mechanization of agriculture was introduced, leaving many unemployed. Only Mississippi (1,195,699 bales), Alabama (997,978 bales) and Louisiana (722,218 bales) produced more cotton. It became a major crop in the 1930s. This machine does not strip cotton from the stalk but pulls locks of cotton from the bolls by means of revolving grooved or barbed spindles. New York accomplished this by imposing property ownership requirements for its free Black residents, while White New Yorkers had no such restriction. After emancipation, African Americans were still identified with cotton production. The White population grew from 5,179 in 1800 to 353,901 in 1860; the enslaved population correspondingly expanded from 3,489 to 436,631. By the late 1920s around two-thirds of all African-American tenants and almost three-fourths of the croppers worked on cotton farms, and two in three black women from black landowning families were involved in cotton farming. Cotton picking occurred as many as seven times a season as the plant grew and continued to produce bolls through the fall and early winter. The Civil War (1861-65) dramatically changed the state's agricultural labor force by freeing thousands of enslaved laborers, but cotton continued to be the main crop in many parts of Georgia. Great pressure existed to meet the expected daily amount, and some masters whipped slaves who picked less than expected.
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