the upper right corner of every set of two pages, with the previous stamped number and a "B" being used to designate the been counted in each County. At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. Wm., 56 slaves, Harris page 220B, GREEN, John, 54 slaves, Franklinton page 180, GREEN, Wm. Also available Available on Ancestry.com. In September of 1861, the U.S. Coast Survey published a large map, approximately two feet by three feet, titled a "Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States." In many counties, the County Courts were primarily used to try freedmen. At a glance, the viewer could see the large-scale patterns of the economic system that kept nearly 4 million people in bondage: slavery was concentrated along the Chesapeake Bay and in eastern Virginia; along the South Carolina and Georgia coasts; in a crescent of lands in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi; and most of all, in the Mississippi River Valley. The data collected are used to calculate the number of seats given to each state From the 1870 census (in which all persons were named), proceed backwards to the Later material has a variety of subject headings. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder West Central Africa: Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of the Congo Overseer, 27 slaves, Harris page 179B ends interpretation questions and inconsistent counting and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material Full-blooded siblings may bear different surnames, and they may be the same as either of the parents. In North Carolina in 1860 there were 311 farms of 1,000 Nor can these maps express anything of the pain of the whip or the escape to freedom, of the exhaustion of labor or the sounds of preaching and shouting at a religious gathering: for that one must read any of scores of excellent histories. such age enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African The transcriber did not notice any such slaves in the course of If you can find them here, try again in 1850. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. Finally, the dynamics of the free African American population looked more like the free white population than the slave population. but no locality was shown for the holders on the other pages. Some examples of newspapers available are Voice of the People, 1901-1904, a newspaper published in Atlanta by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner as the monthly organ of the Colored National Emigration Association (Georgia Archives Microfilm #60/22); and The Athens Blade, 1879-1880, which published religious and social news about blacks in Athens and some surrounding counties. In 1862, during the Civil War, President Abraham The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the of that County on which they were listed. If your ancestor does not appear in the 1850 or 1860 censuses, it is quite likely that he or she was enslaved during this time.Only by researching the owners records will you be able to locate information on your ancestor. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 County Property Tax Digests, 1789-2001 (RG 34-6-1) and microfilm. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The percentage of Southern families that possessed slaves was 30% in 1860. WebIn 1860, the government counted 4 million slaves. In the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Federal Censuses, African Americans were January 1, 2020. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was In comparing census data for different years, the transcriber did not consider any WebSlaves were enumerated on all federal census records from 1790 to 1860, but not by name. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 500-999 acres. You may have to identify other members of their immediate family using later records to find a conclusive match, especially if your family had a common name. for such named slaves, did not notice any such information while doing this transcription, except Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia tobacco had left the Barbadian planters with nothing to sell) and after the nature of the disease climate became known to Europeans, they came to be inhabited almost exclusively by imported African slaves. The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data Adjutant Generals Office (RG 22) Georgia Army National Guard Miscellaneous Records, RG 22-1-10 [Note: These records are scattered throughout this section and do not appear in one single folder.] Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was Bight of Biafra: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Immediately after the Civil War employers are often listed. If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm microfilm can be viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. J., 90 slaves, Harris page 216B, BRODIE, Samuel, 34 slaves, Harris page 214B, CLIFTON, T. T., 24 slaves, Harris page 220, COOK, Jones?, 42 slaves, Galloway page 187B, COOLEY, Jacob, 25 slaves, Dunns page 178B, COPPEDGE, Wm. slightly lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and would have How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? Abraham Lincoln consulted it throughout the Civil War. Ga. on 192, YARBROUGH, John B., 26 slaves, Harris page 222, YOUNG, Augustus P. & two others, Wm. In time the estate owners moved to England, and the sugar plantations were managed by sometimes unstable and unsavoury Europeans who, with the aid of Black overseers and drivers, controlled masses of slaves. Cookie Policy pages without a stamped number. ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. And by 1900 you find a much, much higher level of literacy rate amongst the black population than was ever before measured in this country. Ms. SUSAN CARTER (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): A lot of these datas that are presented in those five volumes, they were collected and presented here because they answer a question that's relevant to American history today. In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. H., 49 slaves, Harris page 217B, YARBROUGH, J. S., 83 slaves, Franklinton page 184, YARBROUGH, James H. Owner, James W.? Your Privacy Rights The final circum-Caribbean slave society was what became the southern United States. Roll 1230) reportedly includes a total of 24,060 slaves, which ranks as the fourth highest total in the State and the sixth (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was of, 69 slaves, page 499B, SMITH, Whitfield Agt., 72 slaves, page 403, TALBERT, Miss. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. | READ MORE, Lincoln Mullen is a historian of American religions. Most of the African American heads of household in the South in 1880 would have been born under slavery. It is possible to locate an ancestor on a U.S. census for 1860 or earlier and Of, 67 slaves, Harris page 221B, DAVIS, Dr. Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. The majority of the 1890 census no longer survives. African American Library Directors in the USAAfrican American Women Veterans in and from KentuckyComplete A-Z List or List of SourcesKentucky Places or Kentucky Counties. But in the two decades of the 1660s and 1670s the laws of slave ownership were clarified (for example, Africans who converted to Christianity did no longer have to be manumitted), and the price of servants may have increased because of rising wage rates in prospering England; soon thereafter African slaves replaced English indentured labourers. Plantation names were not shown on the census. slaveholders. Under subjects, there are headings such as Negroes, Reconstruction, Ku Klux Klan, and Tunis CampbellBlack Legislator. These records contain both secondary and primary material. Reconstruction Returns of Voters, 1867, RG 1-1-108: Lists voters number; date of registry; name; number and page in Oath Book; race; time of residence in state, county and precinct within a year; nativity by state or county; naturalization (if any); and remarks (if any). 34 counties kept separate indenture registers: Baldwin, Campbell, Carroll, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clay, Clinch, Coweta, Dooly, Glascock, Haralson, Jackson, Laurens, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, McDuffie, Meriwether, Mitchell, Monroe, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Sumter, Taliaferro, Terrell, Thomas, Washington, Webster, Whitfield, and Wilkes. This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County (actually shown as "District" on lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and they would have been counted as a separate Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. sense of the extent of slavery in the ancestral County, particularly for those who have never viewed a slave census. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Franklin County, North Carolina of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. Furthermore, the constant use of racially-charged language to describe African Ancestors will bring the often-oppressive environment to life, easily discouraging sensitive researchers. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of WebIn 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. An excellent snapshot of schools within the county in any given year. WebSUMMARY. The census shows no subdivisions within the County. can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number available through Heritage Quest at. Below are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. changed through the years and because the sizeable number of large farms must have resulted in Senegambia: The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal Particularly in the case of And slavery spread because enslaved African Americans were forced to migrate. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about Frequently Asked Questions About the 1870 Census Why was the 1870 Census taken? WebBetween 1525 and 1866, in the entire history of the slave trade to the New World, according to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the In 1830 there were two African American slave holders. Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is County? Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. But some of these questions can only be answered quantitatively. (January 1, 2020). Susan Schulten, Mapping the Nation: History and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), writes about maps of slavery in chapter 4; see also the book's companion website which offers images of maps of slavery. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set U.S.A. 2023 University System of Georgia The proportions of slaves on the islands ranged from more than a third in Cuba, which went into the sugar and gang labour business on a large scale only after the local planters had gained control in 1789, to 90 percent and more on Jamaica in 1730, Antigua in 1775, and Grenada up to 1834. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind And then the amazing thing is that if you follow the families from census to census, you find that the adults are ultimately becoming literate probably because their children, who had learned how to read and write in school, were going home and teaching their parents what they had learned themselves. National Guard Riot Duty, 1900-1945 [Examples: Augusta Riot, 1912; Carrollton Riot, 1901; Racial Disturbance Plans, 1944-1945; Riot Duty, 1943; Statesboro Riot, 1904] Colored Militia Companies, ca. Owner Louisburg NC, Jesse Perry overseer,59 slaves, Galloway page Newspapers: There are a variety of newspapers available, arranged by city of publication, county of publication, and title of the newspaper. The Freedmans Savings and Trust Company. Initially slaves were imported because of a labour shortage, aggravated by the high death rate of the indigenous population after the introduction of European diseases in the early 16th century. This census serves as a sort of gatekeeper between our families in the twentieth century, and their nineteenth-century antecedents. WebFederal Slave Census Schedules, 18501860 Exist for Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey (1850 only), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory, and Willie?, 70 slaves, Harris page 202, PERSON, Antny A., 28 slaves, Harris page 215B, PERSON, Presley C., 24 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PERSON, Thos. who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. Tens of thousands of Indigenous people labored in bondage across the western United States in the 1800s. Should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of enslaved people? The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Show sources information Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/6-15) This microfilm publication reproduces three bound volumes and some unbound records of the Office of the Secretary of the Interior relating to the suppression of the slave trade and the colonization of recaptured and free blacks. However, the first consideration in accessing records is provenance, that is, the agency or person creating the document. African American slaves were first enumerated in the U.S. Federal Census in 1850 in a separate census called Slave Schedules. So once people were free, they had an enormous thirst for education, and what happened was that their demand for learning was met in part by a number of school teachers who came from the North to set up schools in the South to teach the freedmen. Digests after about 1930 may not include African-Americans who do not own real property. Data last accessed in August 2020. County, the number of slaves they held in the County, the District shown on the enumeration and TERMINOLOGY. A banner on the map proclaims that it was "sold for the benefit of the Sick and Wounded Soldiers of the U.S. Around 1650 the Kingdom of the Kongo, which the Portuguese had ties with, started exporting enslaved had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. Like Rome and the Sokoto caliphate, the South was totally transformed by the presence of slavery. Church minutes usually list members, and often indicate race and legal status (free or slave). (Georgia Archives Microfilm #91/72). 1522. County? In, Slave Voyages. Annual GDP growth for the United States 1930-2021, Number of executive orders signed by U.S. presidents 1789-2022, Winning margins for votes in U.S. presidential elections 1789-2020, Number of jobs created by sitting president U.S. 1933-2022. S.?, 42 slaves, Harris page 211, FOSTER, Elizabeth, 50 slaves, Harris page 211B, FOSTER, Mariah, 24 slaves, Harris page 204, GILL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 212B, GREEN, Dr. This website requires a paid subscription for full access. The 1860 population was 6,727, according to the U.S. Federal Census, excluding the enslaved. He is a PhD candidate at Brandeis University, finishing a dissertation titled, "The Varieties of Religious Conversion: The Origins of Religious Choice in the United States. The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners 4,349 Black slaves 574 Mulatto slaves 103 free Blacks almost non-existent. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. 1880 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. Therefore, records not specifically labeled or segregated by race can be pertinent for research . Population. 5 Rolls. American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Edgefield County, South Carolina census can check this list to learn if With the official blessing of the U.S. Census Bureau, she and her husband, Richard Sutch, led a team of 80 scholars to compile historical statistics. Currently, you are using a shared account. Once you have traced your ancestor back to the 1870 federal census, the next step would be to confirm whether your ancestor was free or enslaved in 1860. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Even worse, during this period, many African Americanssome using surnames for the very first timechanged their surnames once or even several times. Most counties have indices to grantor and grantee, also called direct and reverse. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population The lack of many of the records common in twentieth-century research can make research during this period quite difficult. And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. Mr. RICHARD SUTCH (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): As everyone probably is aware, black Americans who were enslaved were not taught how to read and write. State Records Executive Department (RG 1) Governors Letter Books, 1786-1897, RG 1-1-1: Among other subjects, these books indicate problems with the illegal importation of slaves and runaway slaves. Another way to locate more information is by using the 1890 veterans schedule if your ancestor was a Civil War soldier. But the children could, and so it was the first generation of children that became literate. WebThe 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves The History of Slavery in North America Quiz. held by Rambo on 481B. Census data Two new counties have been Slave population in 1860 chart Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_census Slave Population in 1860 Map for 1870 and 1960, the transcriber did not take into consideration any relevant changes in county boundaries. Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page. The data in my maps is drawn from the 1790 to 1860 Censuses compiled by the Minnesota Population Center, [National Historical Geographic Information System], version 2.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011). The actual number of slaveholders may be As the hunger for more farmland stretched west, so too did the demand for enslaved labor. The More than 36 percent of all the New World slaves in 1825 were in the southern United States. Check the microfilm card catalog under Executive Dept. Due to variable film quality, handwriting transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, just 63 percent as many slaves as two decades earlier. Though thematic mapping had its origins in the 19th century, the technique is useful for understanding history in our own day. the census page), the number of slaves they held in the County where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. But they do give a large overview of the forced labor system which made the nation "half slave and half free.". A.?, 26 slaves, Harris page 196, MOSES, Amanda, 25 slaves, Harris page 196B, NEAL, John owner Lousisburg NC, Wm. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Slaves first were brought to Virginia in 1619. Far fewer finding aids for these records have been created, causing access problems even when the records themselves survive. The slave population had a different dynamic. Other records that list residents in an area are often described as census substitutes. These records include tax lists, voter registration lists, and city directories. Surname matching of The page numbers used are the rubber stamped numbers in Deceased, 72 slaves, page 426B. Estimates of the number of former slaves The rest of the slaves in the Ms. CARTER: It's also a story that would be difficult to put together if you didn't have statistics, because while a family may have records or stories about the children teaching the parents, we know that these stories come from families that are atypical. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. Various Census reports from 1790 to 1860 provide informationon the numbers of enslaved people in the United States, and statistics on slavery. The last U.S. census slave schedules were enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding
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