Echoing much the same sentiment, Samuelson (1999) has
argued that we in America cannot "refashion the rest of the world in our
image," and that it is the height of arrogance to suggest otherwise. what I can see they do have the area on lockdown. Blustein, Paul, "Mexico to pay back U.S. loan early," Washington
Post, 3/16/97, p. E3. Diaz's observation proved to be tragically profound. 3. Less than 200 miles are currently fenced, and
that fencing is literally full of holes. Three American Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
inspectors in the San Diego area have been convicted or brought to trial on
charges of conspiracy and taking bribes. Garcia-Abrego's replacement, Oscar Malherve, allied himself with
Fuentes, making Carrillo Fuentes Mexico's drug kingpin. The Mexican military, however, has the military
force to move throughout the country with impunity thus rendering moot the need
to mask the odor. With
only one party to please, and without opposition party whistle-blowers to
contend with, the drug cartels have been able to quietly pay-off government
officials at all levels with little fear of public reprisal. They are better armed than the Colombian military, and appear ready to take on
the government in full-pitch battles (Hammer and Isikoff, 8/9/99). As El Paso
border liaison police officer Jesus Torrones indicated, "the criminals have
always relied on the border to stop us, but that's not the case anymore" (Christian
Science Monitor, 2/3/98). Peniche was quoted as saying,
"Donations of this kind were normal in MexicoIt was part of the system
between businessman and politicians. American law
enforcement agents have been strictly forbidden from carrying/using firearms in
Mexico. The Sonora Cartel was founded by Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo, who although imprisoned, appears to still be a major player in the new formed Federation, in part because he is the uncle of the Felix-Arellano brothers. The Calexico area was once a relatively easy target for
smugglers with only 81 agents assigned to patrol the area in 1996, and only a
small handful of those 81 agents worked any given night shift. Cooperative law enforcement efforts surface as another option to consider. Police and military
officials are paid an extraordinarily low wage roughly 3,000 pesos ($300) a
month (AFP, 8/4/99). The United States has repeatedly called for Mexico to end the traditional
impunity for high level officials. Just this week, El 01 pled guilty to heroin trafficking charges in a federal court in Chicago, Illinois. From the long-term perspective, the Cartels can
certainly take the hit of a leader or two going to prison, and they can easily
absorb the loss of a portion of its stockpile; even a 50 percent commodity loss
in the cocaine trade will yield a profit. When all the invitees had gathered at the hospital, Mayor Enrquez Herrera introduced them to his friend, Gerardo Soberanes Ortiz, alias El G1. Mexico's banks have historically been basically un-monitored and very poorly
regulated. Mario Villanueva, a prominent
member of the PRI and the former governor of the state of Quintana Roo, is
wanted on drug trafficking charges and on charges of accepting a share of $300
million embezzled by the fugitive Mexican banker, Carlos Cabal Peniche. When asked by Mexican officials to
put a stop to this illegal arms trade, American officials have indicated that
the demand for the weapons is on the Mexican end, so they, the Mexicans, should
stop it - an interesting bit of international diplomatic hypocrisy that the
United States can engage in, because at present it has the
biggest stick. Foreign Relations Committee and several Congressional appropriation
subcommittees. UPI, "California man convicted in largest meth conspiracy ever,"
4/23/97, internet. These numbers would suggest that the flow is far
beyond what the Beta Group can handle. There he fought to expand Sinaloa Cartels territory in Gomez Palacio, Lerdo, Torren, and places as far as Matamoros. Without political corruption,
organized crime loses its protection. Even if legitimate efforts were to begin, it would take
generations to completely eradicate Mexican military involvement in the drug
trade. In turn, parliaments, then the people, and today, I would suggest,
multi-national corporations have taken their turn as the sovereigns of primary
power. He had left the Colombians in the
dust. AFP, "Congress members slam U.S. decision to certify Mexico's anti-drug
efforts," 2/26/98, internet. Headlines were articulated by government leaders, and "news"
stories towed the party line. a year. They must have some serious underground tunnels / infrastructure below that Attorney General's office in Mexico City. The Mexican cartels set
up their own cocaine distribution networks in cities such as Houston, Dallas,
New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Denver. In a minor blow to Fuentes in the spring of 1997, this relationship was
uncovered, and Rebollo was forced to resign (Brant, 1997), and was eventually
sentenced to 13 years and nine months in prison (Reuters, 3/3/97). Enjoy spending hours looking at satellite images to find your home or remembering places in a village? Most of the Original cartel de durango guys are retired or dead.. most herreras sided with cartel de juarez in the 2000s and got kicked out by CDS around 2011. Just a big name coincidence. By 1997, many new, small organizations were jumping into the cocaine market in
Colombia. This meant that the Mexican cartels now had almost complete control of the
cocaine trade in the United States, the largest cocaine market in the world. All of the Mexican cartels do need to cooperate to some degree in the annual
certification process, even those that the government turns on, if they want to
survive in the long run. (Constantine, 2/27/97)
The Mexican drug cartels have become the dominant force in the United States
methamphetamine trafficking. The
President. These murders brought the total number of senior
police officials executed in Northern Mexico in 1996 to seven. El 03 took over leading the group. AFP, "Mexican Congress files suit to force Zedillo to disclose financial
deals," 9/9/99, internet. In the early 1990s, the head of the Gulf Cartel (the most powerful Mexican
cartel at the time) Garcia-Abrego, secured a major deal with the Colombian
cartels that increased the Gulf Cartel's power even more. And because they are in
complete control, they can keep 100 percent of the profits." AFP, "Mexican government announces new anti-drug strategy," 2/4/99,
internet. Only now, at the close
of the 20th century, with memories of the decade of violence confined to the
history books, have democratic interests begun to again stir in the Mexican
populous. Reuters, "U.S., Mexico sign agreements," 5/6/97, internet. A third Amezcua brother, Luis, still faces drug-trafficking
charges in the U.S. On May 21, 1999 the extradition of Oscar Malherve to the
U.S. was also denied. Consider the following account:
"For many Mexicans, migrating north in search of work is not a criminal act
but an annual rite born of economic necessity. The Hank family - A second family syndicate, the Hank Family, has
been emerging of late as a powerful player in the drug trade. Associated Press, "Mexico head urges lower oil prices," 10/6/00,
internet. GLOBAL PRESS one that popped into my head. A12,
A14. People in Sinaloa were saying that this dude was a tweaker!!! UPI, "U.S., Mexico outline drug strategy," UPI, 2/6/98, internet. Robinson, Linda, "Mexican mayhem," U.S. News and World Report,
July 12, 1999, p. 39. AFP, "Chiapas police fire on pro-rebel protesters," 1/12/98,
internet. The right wing vigilante groups have
the potential to be an even greater risk to the sovereign government of Colombia
than do the left-wing organizations. According to the same government report, there are now approximately 20,000 drug
dealers in Mexico who sell their products in more than 8,000 schools just in
Mexico City alone. While covert operations most certainly continue, the U.S. does run the risk of
international embarrassment when and if they become publically uncovered. Brutality and calloused disregard for life became the norm for rebel
and soldier alike. Clearly one of
the reasons that the Colombian cartels lost power in the early and mid-1990s was
because the multi-party political system in Colombia began to assert itself. The soldiers arrived at the residential neighborhood of Cortijo, inside three helicopters and a convoy of vehicles. Reuters, "Mexican says U.S. drug certification unacceptable,"
2/4/98, internet. Possession of American currency has national security implications in Colombia -
if you have lots of American cash it is surely drug money, and you may be
working with our enemies - FARC and/or the ELN. Due to a disastrous string of bank failures, Mexico is now
beginning to modernize its banking laws and grant its regulatory agencies
concrete enforcement powers (AFP, 9/21/99). An important Sinaloa Cartel - Los Cabreras figure named Gerardo Soberanes Ortiz, alias El G1, was arrested in Durango. Usually meth by-products are dumped near the facility. It costs an average of
$25,000 to clean up a meth production lab site. THE MEXICAN POLITICAL SCENE: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
As has been noted, Mexico has been governed by one political party, the
PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional or Institutional Revolutionary Party),
for 70 years. It is being carried out in coordination with the federal Attorney General's Office and other government agencies. The United States had never formally accepted the fact that American
consumption of drugs was the main problem until March of 1998. (14) Seeing a huge profit
margin as a result of the new immigration law, Mexican syndicates have been
moving into the people smuggling trade in a more systematic and organized
fashion, either taking over "coyote" operations or forcing them into a
business arrangement. The Army and the National Guard had launched a joint operation to capture Gerardo Soberanes Ortiz, alias El G1, in the dark of night hours in the northern part of Durango City. How will
the cartels respond to what appears to be a continuing decline in cocaine use in
America? At the 11th hour however, Mexico capitulated. Pequeo, the amount of the drug to be introduced would reach more than two According to Eduardo How will the cartels
in Mexico and the rest of Latin American respond to this initiative? Mexico is
now the major producer, though it is thought that the Mexican cartels still use
the American motorcycle gangs to transship the basic ingredients into the United
States, where labs convert those ingredients into meth. External attempts to
control the cartels will be ineffective unless they are supported by the
populous, the body politic. O'Day (2000) provides numerous case studies of Mexican military operating north
of the border. With significant effort, the coalition hammered out a
seven-point political platform, though many of those points have remained
vaguely defined. The Mexicans began by-passing the Colombians and going directly to
Bolivian and Peruvian suppliers during the summer of 1997. AFP, "Opposition alliance would win Mexican election in 2000:
survey," 7/29/99, internet. United States, and in 1997 began as a producer of drugs in Culiacan, until Sinaloa drug cartel run by Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman. El 02 was later released from prison under what some might characterize as suspicious circumstances. for chemical input costs and paying the salaries of the workers who produced Among other functions, they select their successors to the Office of
President, approve legislative and state gubernatorial candidates (de-facto
appointments), select the attorney general, select high-ranking military
officials, select supreme court justices, select the head of the PRI Central
Executive Committee (the de-facto ruling body of Mexico), and regularly by-pass
the legislature and issue executive decrees or orders ("reglamentos")
that have the effect of law. Only in the past few years has the PRI experienced
any challenge of consequence, most particularly being the 2000 Presidential
victory of PRI-opposition leader Vicente Fox. AFP, "Former police chief arrested on drug charges," 2/27/99,
internet. The Mexican Attorney General's office announced the arrests of seven members of
the Juarez Cartel in May of 1997. In 1997, some 3,500 vehicles were stolen in El Paso and
smuggled into Mexico, many ending up in the hands of corporate executives and
government officials. Associated Press, "Mexico paper struggles to survive," 10/31/00,
internet. More careful investigations have revealed that
Stanley maintained long, on-going relationships with known drug dealers,
including the infamous Amado Carrillo Fuentes, the notorious "Lord of the
Skies." opium poppy plants, processed and packaged heroin in Mexico, and transported it Three trucks speeding from the airstrip were caught, accounting for 2.5 tons of
cocaine. The Cali Cartel, although down, still had an
intelligence operation in tact. AFP, "Mexican president-elect defies IMF," 9/25/00, internet. I felt badly throwing the tiny bit of info up there this AM but that was all there was. Smith, Elliot Blair, "Incoming Mexican Leader Adopts World View," USA
Today, October 4, 2000, p. 14A. According to the indictment filed by the Justice Department against four high-profile members of the CJNG, belonging to a criminal cell identified as 'Los Cabos', they had their base of operations in Baja California. the Herrera organization imported 746 pounds of pure heroin into the United Despite an abundance of evidence, no
illegal or unethical activity was found to be present by an investigative panel
of Mexican authorities. Fuentes arranged for eight multi-ton shipments to be
flown from Bolivia straight to Mexico. its jus da calculations dats hard, it seems like they're starting to crack down on the sinaloa cartel alot more now than before. Only time will tell if this is indeed a shift in American public
policy, and perhaps more importantly, if this shift has the desired impact upon
the drug trade in particular and the cartels in general. In the last year of his presidency, Clinton requested an
additional $500 million for drug interdiction efforts, including the funding of
1,000 additional DEA agents to specifically be placed along the Mexican border
(UPI, 2/6/98). There is a third component that also must be in place. @Dwel you are right, now that El Viejo got arrested they already call me back, I have to return to Mexico and take over the productions of medicine for all of the sick people out there. According to a federal press release, the Cabrera brothers started out initially focused on marijuana planting and cultivation in the mountainous area of the state of Durango. They quickly began working under Joaquin Guzman, El Chapo, and Ismael Zambada, El Mayo, of the Sinaloa Cartel. $1.3 billion in $20 bills weights roughly 14,300 pounds; obviously a massive
logistics efforts would be required to count, store, move and eventually deposit
this amount of money. That time arrived in they year 2000 when then president Ernesto Zedillo stated
that he would not participate in the process of designating his own successor;
effectively amputating the finger (AFP, 2/27/99). Consider this parallel example from another Meso-American nation. Peniche himself has admitted to
contributing $25 million to the PRI party, with $5 million specifically going
specifically to Zedillo's campaign. it isn't hard to make meth. Anderson, John W. and Molly Moore, "Mexican cartels diversify," Washington
Post Foreign Service, 8/12/96. Its credibility all but destroyed. He made the announcement during one of the daily presidential press conferences. El G1 had successfully managed the plazas of San Dimas, Pueblo Nuevo and Otaez in Durango for the brothers for the last couple of years, so in mid-2012 they decided to send him to Comarca Lagunera, a region marked in map below. The Cabrera brothers waged a bloody war against Los Ms, which was led by Mario Nuez Meza, alias M10. The same way Ovidio got caught, did ovidio ratted on him? Jones, Mark, "The certification process and the drug war," Criminal
Organizations, May 1999, pp. Some are artistic photos and others are simply panoramic photos taken by amateurs and friends who simply like Los Herrera.See more photos . Reuters, "Alleged drug kingpin held in killing of Cardinal,"
12/6/93, internet. Reuters, "Mexicans migrate north to work, for decades," 4/17/97,
internet. Armando corral (head of Herrera clan and brother of poncho. With the kindlier and gentler attitude in
place, the drug lords began to return their "coca-bucks" to the
Mexican economy. Are the Mexican people, with
a paternalistic-aristocratic political tradition that pre-dates the Spanish,
truly ready to handle the increased responsibility of a viable two
party/multi-party political system? On February 11, 2013, El 02 was arrested in Culiacan, Sinaloa. The United States and Mexico have entered into a number of so-called side
agreements with respect to NAFTA. American policy makers have used airborne surveillance
as a primary component in its drug war efforts. by Chris Eskridge
University of Nebraska. In a recent highly publicized case, the
wife of U.S. Army Colonel James Hiett has been charged with smuggling cocaine
out of Colombia into the United States (Watson, 1999). There is another interesting market seeing tremendous growth along the
Mexican-American border - people smuggling. Auto theft fell about 20 percent in 1997 due to these efforts. controlled the entire heroin process from top to bottom. A political party with no opposition is accountable to no one. The "coyote" is generally the head of the operation. According to the background the 'JH' was arrested Chapter 8 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, with its many amendments,
requires the President to annually inform Congress as to whether or not major
drug producing and drug transit countries are cooperating with the United States
in the drug war, or have taken adequate steps on their own to meet the goals of
the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances. The Caribbean routes were used, but so were routes
through Mexico. Reuters, "Drug kingpin flown to U.S. after capture in Mexico,"
1/15/96, internet. The key component
in any battle against organized crime is the collective political will of the
people. Two left-wing terrorist groups, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
and the National Liberation Army (ELN), have picked up the drug trade gavel
dropped by the Colombian cartels, and are now running the show. This point warrants
reiteration. The current Mexican model of federal executive leadership is the outgrowth of
policies put in place by President Calles in response to two decades of extreme
unrest. This outraged
the Mexican leadership and resulted in a 1998 agreement that limits the ability
of U.S. agents to work in Mexico. From Jerez, most immigrants gravitate toward Los Angeles,
Chicago and San Antonio. 'You can't knock on a door in this city (Jerez)
without finding one of us who has a cousin, an uncle, a friend, a brother we
all have someone there. This criminal cell - they accuse - was led by Edgar Herrera Pardo, known as El Caimn, and operated mainly in Tijuana and Tecate. Jaimes sons are still in DGO and are well off. Drug enforcement is not a central
concern of the Mexican people, and as long as the cartels resist the temptation
to market drugs to their own people, there will be no populous movement to rid
the country of the cartels due to the simple fact that they are such a valuable
economic asset to the nation. Many American officials and political
observers recognize that there are no objective certification standards, that
the process is extremely arbitrary, and has more to do with political winds than
substantive effort and progress (AFP, 2/27/98). Former Gulf Cartel king-pin Garcia-Abrego, for example, even
publically noted the audacity of the Salinas administration coming after him
after he arranged with Raul Salinas to have two anti-Salinas candidates killed. The 2000 certification also had its foes on Capital Hill. Mayo and the rest form. (4) He was
allegedly worth around $15 billion at the time of his arrest. In May 1999, he did venture a brief
3-day return visit to Mexico for the first time since fleeing the country. AFP, "Zapatista's demand permanent inquiry commission be
established," 1/13/98, internet. At present, it does
not seem to be playing well in the Washington, D.C. political marketplace. The role of the printed press in contemporary Mexico is also undergoing a
significant shift. Zarembo, Alan, "Soda Pop to Vox Populi," Newsweek, July 17,
2000, p. 36. But the cartels also flourish in Mexico because the Mexican people
lack the collective moral will to challenge their power. meeting held at the request of ' El Mayo' Zambada, also Javier Torres Felix Associated Press, "Zedillo faces cat calls during talk," 9/1/99,
internet. He proposed a new
plan for business with Colombia. Herrera organization ran a farm-to-the-arm heroin operation that cultivated Use these stars ("0" you like little, "5" you like a lot) to rate with your opinion. "Coyotes," generally operating with a small independent organization,
have historically had a monopoly on people trafficking. The nation encompasses 756,000 square miles and has a population of nearly
100,000,000. AFP, "Mexico denounces backlash in Costa Rica over Hank affair:
ambassador," 6/10/99, internet. They are a left wing organization that seeks more rights
for Mexico's 10 million Indian population. They have many operations in Mexico itself. Not only would their political careers be ruined, but
they would likely face life threatening opposition from both the cartels and the
government. The Herreras were considered the largest heroin trafficking A Federal Judicial
Police officer was among the suspects arrested for the crime (Bulita, 1997). AFP, "Mexican president calls for a 'national crusade' against
corruption," 12/4/97, internet. Travelers' Choice. Their very
possession in any significant amount now brings law enforcement attention. 6. International extradition treaties need to be developed among countries
that lack such agreements. Herrera-Nevares was the patriarch of a huge criminal syndicate based in the Feeding off of this virtual uproar emanating from the
Mexican populous, President Fox has issued several calls for the opening of the
border, though to date the notion has not played well in the U.S., even among
his American political allies. Reuters, "Smugglers caught in Salvador linked to major cartels,"
6/12/93, internet. During the next five years, there are plans to fence the entire
2,000 Mexican/American border. AFP, "Mexico's reviled ex-president Salinas back from exile,"
10/3/00, internet. Unless substantive efforts are undertaken on both sides of
the border, the Mexican cartels will continue to grow in strength and influence. The prospect of regular border delays present significant problems,
and thus has significant political implications. Assured of winning
the election after being "fingered" by then President Carlos Salinas,
Colosio made the error of espousing the need to move toward democracy and
suggesting a need to help the poor. Once
nominated in this party-state system, the PRI candidate is all but elected. His "escape" had actually taken place the day before, but was not
announced until several hours after re-certification was confirmed. Whether it be for the elections, opportunity or a shift in Mexico's government, as long as these guys continue to fall, it makes no difference. AFP, "Mexican judge slashes jail sentence of brother of
ex-president," 7/16/99, internet. A bodyguard of El G1 was said to have been shot in the arm during the ensuing confrontation however the soldier managed to get G1 to surrender. Another recent high profile case of note involves former AeroMexico official
Gerardo de Prevoisin. and Gary, Indiana, arrested 120 traffickers (of the 132 indicted) connected to These new laws reorganization efforts have come much too late to avert the
present crisis however. As the Panama Canal changes
ownership in the coming months, American military presence and the accompanying
airborne surveillance efforts in Central America will become diminished. The shear amount of money involved makes it
possible to undermine virtually all law enforcement efforts in such a poor
country. General Jorge Mariano Maldonado's arrest was the fifth arrest of a
general in Mexico since the arrest of Gutierrez Rebollo in February of 1997 (AFP,
1/23/98). AFP, "Mexico's PRD rejects PRI win in Tabasco, call for civil
disobedience," 10/18/00, internet. As United States
Customs officials watched, Mexican army personnel proceeded to kill all seven
Mexican police officers as they attempt to seize the drugs. Even if the
citizenry were to vote an opposition party member into office, the Senate, with
the Constitutional power to ratify elections, has been known to place the
"appropriate" PRI candidates in office, regardless of the actual vote. Marijuana is grown
year-round in Mexico and the army has literally tons of harvested marijuana at
its disposal, and even oversees the production and crop security end of the
process in some regions. Though the Constitution of 1917 divided power between the executive, legislative
and judicial branches, in practice the country is perhaps more accurately
classified as an autocratic party-state system. Economic need also
serves as a powerful factor in explaining institutionalized corruption. We are still in the process of carrying out this operation. Again, the September 1999
arrests by U.S. officials of 93 Juarez cartel associates mentioned previously,
along with the loss of drug supplies and millions in currency will surely serve
to weaken the Juarez cartel and further strengthen the Gulf Cartel and The
Federation. They left the business or they are well protected as Jaime Herrera Nevarez was on his old good days? An important Sinaloa Cartel - Los Cabreras figure named Gerardo Soberanes Ortiz, alias "El G1", was arrested in Durango. One estimate places over 1,000 Herrera family cocaine and heroin
dealers in the United States (AFP, 12/6/97). The average annual temperature is 24C and average annual precipitation is 500 mm. The World Court needs to enhance its political capital, substance, and
strength. Mexico experienced 40 to 50 gangland
slayings in the following six months (Reuters, 2/13/98). He had undergone plastic surgery
in the past, and was attempting to further alter his appearance to conceal his
identity from American government authorities. Some experts suggest the Self Defense Force now
ironically generates more revenue from the drug business than does FARC and ELN
combined (Frontline, 4/20/00). But Mexican leadership also benefit from this charade, for
they use it as a smoke screen to help the cartels with which they have become
aligned. AFP, "Mexico City deploys 'swans' in bid to curb police
corruption," 8/4/99, internet. Drug use in Mexico has risen from an
estimated 1.5 million users in 1988 to 2.5 million users in 1998, with the
largest increase occurring among children (AFP, 7/4/99). It should be emphasized that United States officials are certainly not immune,
and have also been corrupted in numerous instances as well. In March of 1994, the leading presidential candidate, Luis Donaldo
Colosio, was assassinated in Tijuana. LaFranchi, Howard, "Keeping Mexican Migrants Safer," Latinos Unidos,
Julio 2000, p. 2. This blow could have brought the cartels into an all out war, and it would have,
if not for the wisdom of Carrillo Fuentes. dont worry another meth maker will take overget puffed out, http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2012/357271/6/detienen-a-productor-de-metanfetaminas-del-cartel-del-pacifico.htm, yah i noe. The end result of this new
drug war is that the Mexican drug problem has now been placed on the proverbial
back burner. They grew up in the small town of Vasco Gil, in the state of Durango. Mexican officials, in reaction to Clinton's
threat of de-certification in 1997, lashed back, accusing the world's biggest
drug consumer of hypocrisy. Another similar incident occurred in August of 1994, when a jet believed by
intelligence to be carrying 10 tons of cocaine landed at Sombrerete, Zacatecas. As previously noted,
however, one of the major tools currently used in the drug war, the
certification process, seems only to aggravate the rift between the two
countries.
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