She or he will best know the preferred format. projecting the likely impacts on biodiversity and nature's . J Environ Plan Manage 59:142162. The language used for the non-systematic literature review was English only (as the Russian language does not distinguish and define NbS specifically). Genetic biodiversity is the variation in genes that exists within a species. All of the Earths species work together to survive and maintain their ecosystems. UN Report: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Wetlands in some arid areas depend on the river runoff and inflow, which is used for agricultural purposes and by decreasing the areas under some water-intensive crops (e.g., cotton and rice) (Schlter, et al., 2013), wetlands are likely to receive inflow to keep their state stable. According to Li et al. Imperiled species are supposed to be, but that can be tricky depending on what the land is used for. We highlight which NbS show the most promise in the Aral Sea region and conclude with a discussion of existing gaps in the literature on NbS in drylands, and opportunities for further research. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. Species go extinct because of natural shifts in the environment that take place over long periods of time, such as ice ages. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2008.9752644, Lemly AD, Kingsford RT, Thompson JR (2000) Irrigated agriculture and wildlife conservation: Conflict on a global scale. Wetlands in the Aral Sea basin were reported to have been impacted by anthropogenic activities that led to the degradation of vegetation in the riparian zone (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Kasprzykowski, Goawski, Mitrus, & Staski, 2014). A helpful way to understand genetic diversity is to think about dogs. Shrublands/afforested areas, to which the sandy seabed is planned to be converted to, are reported to maximize sand fixation and minimize erosion (Lw, et al., 2021), (Kim, et al., 2020). It can be studied on many levels. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15645, CBD-UNDP (2021). . Content analysis suggests that the NbS approach has been poorly documented in dryland ecosystems. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Additionally, a warm water temperature promote most species to reproduce, which also has a positive impact in biodiversity. Afforestation using native salt- and drought-tolerant species is another alternative to restore degraded desert landscapes, which has direct applicability to the dried-out Aral Seabed (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), (Toderich, et al., 2013b), (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). CAS Upon reaching certain heights and within a few years, these species are able to reduce wind erosion and subsequent dust storms drastically. Powerful PollinatorsBees, birds, and other creatures pollinate 75 percent of the world's major crops. Given the multitude of environmental challenges the Aral Sea region countries are facing, sustainable and cost-efficient approaches are needed to secure the well-being of the local population and environmental resilience. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13280, Taillardat P, Thompson BS, Garneau M, Trottier K, Friess DA (2020) Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration. (2013), fluctuations in the water table of wetlands can kill roe that fish lay on the shores with the already shallow water table. Nature-based solutions, as a recently emerged approach for sustainably mitigating and adapting to environmental challenges, have gained considerable attention in the scientific literature recently. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the speciesin one region or ecosystem. The system is dynamic and thus offers a wide range of species. Comparing and Graphing Nine Environmental Threats, Researchers Find Unexpected Evils, Popular Science Reports also state that areas covered by drylands are expected to substantially expand by the end of the 21st century reaching almost 60% of the global land coverage (UNCCD, 2017), (Prvlie, 2016), (Feng & Fu, 2013). Other than adding vocabulary, what developments occur in Arid Land Res Manag 33:3754. There are not enough insects to pollinate large fields of single crops, so farmers must truck in honeybees to do the job. Where Is The World's Greatest Biodiversity? Smithsonian Scientists Find NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation. If we wait a while, we might be able to spot a garter snake, a bullfrog, or maybe a red-winged blackbird. Review of Nature-based Solutions in Dryland Ecosystems: the - Springer Tropical forests are widely considered to have the greatest species diversity of the terrestrial biomes but diversity is also high in the temperate deciduous biome and Low species diversity : The tundra biome has the least biodiversity, but the northern coniferous biome also has low species diversity. The sandy desert in the very east of Uzbekistan, covering a territory of about 5,5 million hectares (Summary report on the LDN target setting programme in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2019), the former Aral Sea left behind, is now widely referred to as the Aralkum desert (Fig. The focal case study areathe Aral Seaprimarily transitioned from one of the largest inland water bodies in the world into a sandy desert over the course of several decades, still contains the small remnant southern Aral Sea, the existence of which remains under threat due to the absence of water inflow and high evaporation rates. Fungi helpdecomposeorganisms tofertilizethe soil. 2. versus benefits (e.g., fisheries development, biodiversity restoration, income opportunities and etc.). The World Conservation Congress (p. 106). IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Geneva. Rangeland restoration is largely discussed as a climate mitigation option due to the carbon storage potential of grasslands (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), as well as a means of improved livelihood opportunities for the local pastoralists in degraded areas and a measure to combat desertification and land degradation (Toderich, et al., 2013a). The hard work of humansand natures resiliencecan help even the most endangered species climb back from the abyss. It is clear that deeper research is needed in terms of the impact these ecosystem changes might have in the long term, as well as their self-sustaining capacities, and the timespan it takes to balance out the investments and the potential benefits. The geographic precision now available, Dr. Hamilton said, can allow private individuals and conservation groups to focus more accurately on preventing extinctions. The government of Uzbekistan has officially stated that it will now be impossible to restore the Aral Sea to its former (pre-1960) state, and has instead committed to mitigate the consequences of this ecological disaster on human wellbeing, environment and the local economy. The snakes, which hunt birds, have caused the extinction of nine of the islands 11 native forest-dwellingbird species.People all over the world are working to maintain the planets biodiversity. During dry years these wetlands tend to almost dry out (Schlter, et al., 2013). The major problems facing today's ecosystems are caused by: Habitat loss and degradation. The top 10 most biodiverse countries - Mongabay Environmental News Arid Land Res Manag 28:410427. The . Currently, there are five protected areas in Karakalpakstan as listed below in the order of establishment: Lower Amu Darya Biosphere ReserveFootnote 3 total area: 687.18km2, year of designation: 2011. Animals and plants are the most familiar types of endangered species, but afungus, such as thewhite ferula mushroom(Pleurotus nebrodensis) can also be threatened. Genetic diversity even prevents diseases and helps species adjust to changes in their environment. Sci Total Environ 709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136060, Lioubimtseva E, Henebry GM (2009) Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: Impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012, Kasprzykowski Z, Goawski A, Mitrus C, Staski T (2014) A comparison of the structure of 2 waterbird assemblages during postbreeding movements in the arid zone of Uzbekistan. (2020b) https://lex.uz/ru/docs/5123920, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures related to the organization of protected areas on forestlands. UNCCD, Bonn, Germany, First ed. Desertification of rangelands in the study area has been ongoing due to the misuse of resources (mainly overgrazing), oil and gas exploration, climatic factors (reduced precipitation and droughts), overharvesting of fuel wood, unsustainable agricultural activities (Jiang, Jiapaer, Bao, Guo, & Ndayisaba, 2017), (Toderich, et al., 2013a), (Shaumarov, et al., 2012). The final set of publications was analysed thematically as they were grouped into dryland ecosystem types (i.e., rangelands/grasslands, heathland, desert, wetlands) according to the search keywords used. Being subjected to extensive degradation recently, wetlands in the Aral Sea basin, just like in most parts of the world, are being continuously lost (Thorslund, et al., 2017). Drylands are rich in biodiversity and contain rare and endemic species that are not present in other biomes (IUCN, 2017). Saigachiy complex (landscape) nature reserveFootnote 4 total area; 6283km2, year of designation: 2016. However, only around 1.2 million species have been identified and described so far, most of which are insects. What suggests developmental delays in two-year-olds? The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. The system is dynamic and thus offers a wide range of species. Which ecosystem has the highest biodiversity? C. Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. speech and language skills? Based on the information in the chart. The forests of Maine differ from the forests of Colorado by the types of species found in both ecosystems, as well as the temperature and rainfall. They have been seen as a sustainable tool for the provision of benefits both for the environment and for society, which synergizes conservation efforts. All rights reserved. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Geol Ecol Landscap. Just one small section of the Escambia River, which flows through the Florida Panhandle, is home to two imperiled mussel species, along with a turtle and crayfish also at risk of extinction. As large-scale afforestation of the former Aral seabed is planned to continue through 2030, as stipulated by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of UzbekistanFootnote 2, there is at the very least a need for planning and monitoring, as well as selection of native species to ensure afforestation success. Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rainforests. Jamba 10. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v10i1.400, Bonn A, Allott T, Evans M, Joosten H, Stoneman R (2016) Peatland restoration and ecosystem services: Nature-based solutions for societal goals. You have not even scratched the surface of the biodiversity within the pond. Environmental Management (2023). Drylands cover over 45% of the global terrestrial area, and are home to nearly one-third of the global human population, 90% of which reside in developing countries (UNCCD, 2017), (IUCN, 2017), (Prvlie, 2016). What is an ecosystem? Some scientists estimate that half of all species on Earth will be wiped out within the next century. Please Answer Quickly! Will Give Brainliest Australia's biodiversity is in steep decline, posing major risks to human health. This single pixel includes seven species, such as Cockerell's bumble bee, White Mountain false pennyroyal and Sacramento Mountains thistle. Which of the ecosystem has the lowest biodiversity? Species by the NumbersScientists have identified about 1.75 million different species. The most prominent native species in terms of the ability to grow in sandy, loamy and saline soils are reported to be Saxaul (Haloxylon), Salsola Richteri (Moq) Karel ex Litv and Calligonum caput-medusae Schrenk (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), Krascheninnikovia eversmanniana and Artemisia ferganensis (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). The continent of Africa is home to tropical rainforests, alpine mountains, and dry deserts. People are also working to limit pollution and restore coral reef ecosystems in the area. States of the Union: Ranking America's Biodiversity. However, large-scale afforestation in deserts/arid areas without proper planning can lead to massive economic losses and to very low plant survival rates, as some cases around the world (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) demonstrate. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01241-2, Gmez Martn, E, Giordano, R, Pagano, A, van der Keur, P, & Mez Costa, M (2020) Using a system thinking approach to assess the contribution of nature based solutions to sustainable development goals. #9: India http://nsdg.stat.uz/en, Thorslund J, Jarsjo J, Jaramillo F, Jawitz JW, Manzoni S, Basu NB, Destouni G (2017) Wetlands as large-scale nature-based solutions: Status and challenges for research, engineering and management. A wealth of research into the relationships among diversity, stability, and ecosystem functioning has been conducted in recent years (reviewed by Balvanera et al. Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, OX1 3SZ, Oxford, UK, Shahzoda Alikhanova&Joseph William Bull, You can also search for this author in If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. They are the places in the lower 48 United States most likely to have plants and animals at high risk of global extinction. Examples of grassland restoration activities given as NbS options, i.e., prohibition of grazing in some areas of China (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), were reported to have compromised herders income opportunities. o adaptive immune system https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.2009232. There is the Cassia crossbill, a finch with a twisty beak found in a single county in Idaho. Thorough socio-economic analysis has proved to be critical for most NbS activities before the start of any project to minimize community resistance to planned interventions (Mills, et al., 2020). The Aral Seaformerly the fourth largest inland lake in the world, and the centre of a thriving fishing industryhas shrunk drastically since the early 1960s due to the misuse of river flow for irrigation, and is now represented by a highly saline southern Aral Sea in Uzbekistan and northern Aral Sea in Kazakhstan. Water-Based Ecosystems We can break water-based ecosystems into three categories. They depend on one another. https://rsis.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/rsiswp_search/exports/Ramsar-Sites-annotated-summary-Uzbekistan.pdf?1647505458, The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. To identify concentrations of imperiled biodiversity, the scientists created models for more than 2,200 species based on where they are known to exist and their habitat needs. Climate change. Without a diversity of pollinators, plants, and soils, our supermarkets would have a lot less produce. Many cases reported on not the actual implementation and outcomes of NbS, but rather on the potential of adopting specific approaches (e.g., agroforestry/intercropping on marginal lands, application of halophytes to restore degraded soil on grazelands) as a tool to rehabilitate degraded land and wetlands. Even when species are protected under federal or state laws, they are typically more vulnerable outside of lands that are managed to protect biodiversity, Dr. Hamilton said. Agroforestry can significantly contribute to enhancing food security in where there is water scarcity and climate change impact in drylands, diversifying income opportunities, restoring biodiversity, enhancing carbon sequestration and reducing pressure on natural forests where they occur (Di Sacco, et al., 2021), (Aleksandrova, Lamers, Martius, & Tischbein, 2014), (Lamers, Bobojonov, Khamzina, & Franz, 2008). Pretend you're taking a look at the species biodiversity within a local pond. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. And NbS is a sustainable approach with minimal negative impacts on the society or the environment (Dubey, Singh, Chaurasia, Pandey, & Singh, 2021). We consequently include it as a type of nature-based solution in this review. However, it is notable that agroforestry in croplands has been erroneously proposed as an afforestation measure in some papers reviewed. The most diverse group of animals are invertebrates. The potential for rangelands to provide a basis for NbSgiven that they are one of the major potential carbon sinks in dryland areas such as the Aral Sea basinrequires detailed further research. Information was sourced from two major scientific publication databasesScopus, and Web of Scienceto ensure the most comprehensive capture of articles possible. If we do not stop the threats to biodiversity, we could be facing another mass extinction with dire consequences to the environment, and human health and livelihood. That work is critical, because scientists say humans are speeding extinction at a disastrous pace. The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently. Land Degrad Dev 31:27492762. This means that millions of other organisms remain a complete mystery. (2022, April 20). https://doi.org/10.1080/20442041.2021.1936865, Plieninger T, Muoz-Rojas J, Buck LE, Scherr SJ (2020) Agroforestry for sustainable landscape management. (2022b, April 17). What is Biodiversity? - Definition and Relation to Ecosystem Stability But they are one of the most imperiled wildlife groups in the United States. The forest ecosystem survived because other kinds of trees also grew there.Biodiversity is important to people in many ways. This would in turn mean increased vulnerability to droughts, decreased water availability, reduced crop yields and increased disease transmission (e.g., malaria) (Huang, Yu, Dai, Wei, & Kang, 2017), (UNCCD, 2017). Ecosystems include deserts,grasslands, and rainforests. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Sweeney et al. Seddon N, Chausson A, Berry P, Girardin CA, Smith A, Turner B (2020) Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges. Map source: NatureServe Image sources: Golden-cheeked warbler via U.S. Southern Appalachia is a hotspot for species at risk of vanishing. A water ecosystem with high niche diversity and warm water temperatures will likely have a high biodiversity. But some genes within a species are different. IUCN has set out a Global Standard for Nature-Based Solutions (IUCN, 2020), which defines eight criteria for addressing societal, economic, and environmental dimensions for NbS design and implementation (Fig. PEERJ 7. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7665, Li J, Ma X, Zhang C (2020) Predicting the spatiotemporal variation in soil wind erosion across Central Asia in response to climate change in the 21st century. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability | Learn Science at Scitable - Nature Uniting all Americans to ensure wildlife thrive in a rapidly changing world, Inspire a lifelong connection with wildlife and wild places through our children's publications, products, and activities, National Wildlife Federation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Most people recognize biodiversity by speciesa group of individual living organisms that can interbreed. Private landowners may be reluctant to report them or allow surveys for fear of the restrictions that could follow if they are found. There are hundreds of species known to be globally critically imperiled or imperiled in this country that have no protection under federal law and often no protection under state law, said Healy Hamilton, chief scientist at NatureServe, a nonprofit conservation research group that led the analysis behind the map. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. There were a few publications that mentioned the Aral Sea basin and Central Asia in the literature without country-specific information or a case study. TEXAS. High niche diversity refers to the presence of multiple traits in the same or different species, which is a characteristic of ecosystems with a high biodiversity. Google Scholar, Djalilov BM, Khamzina A, Hornidge A-K, Lamers JP (2016) Exploring constraints and incentives for the adoption of agroforestry practices on degraded cropland in Uzbekistan. We conducted a systematic review on the topic of nature-based solutions in terrestrial dryland ecosystems around the world, with a specific focus on the Aral Sea region in Uzbekistan. Our review of nature-based solutions in rural dryland ecosystems returned a limited number of case studies of actual NbS application; particularly those that described specific outcomes and lessons learned, demonstrated success and socio-economic benefits, and sustained results. For Sci Technol 16:2631. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The research, published in the journal Ecological Applications, and the related maps were a partnership between NatureServe and its network of state partners, the geographic mapping platform Esri, and the Nature Conservancy. J Oceanol Limnol 36:20612084. A multilingual thematic keyword search was conducted in January March 2022 using Boolean operators with the following word combinations (TITLE-ABS-KEY) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, English, Russian)): nature-based solutions AND terrestrial, ecosystem-based and drylands, nature-based solutions AND dryland, nature-based solutions AND heathland, nature-based solutions AND desert, nature-based solutions AND rangeland, nature-based solutions AND grassland, nature-based solutions AND wetland, nature-based solutions AND protected area. Hence, the degradation of rangelands in Central Asia represents a substantial threat to the communities who rely upon them, having been long engaged in pastoralism. Forests are cut for lumber and firewood. Inland Waters 11:445456. rep., United Nations Environment Assembly of the United Nations Environment Programme. Shahzoda Alikhanova. 4. Rewilding as an option to restore local biodiversity can have promising outcomes in eliminating damages caused by introduced species. Sustain Dev. However, authors (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022) argue that afforestation activities can also fail both economically and environmentally as it was in the case of China and the planting of maladapted species, along with an absence of post-forestation monitoring to check on the survivability of trees. Areas with extremely high levels of biodiversity are called hotspots. However, the long-term impact of drainage water, most importantly its quality, on the biodiversity of wetlands does not seem to have been thoroughly examined to tell whether the approach can be justified. Tropical rainforest biomes (article) | Khan Academy
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